Process for the preparation of fluorinated peroxides

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the preparation of perfluorinated or partially fluorinated peroxides which avoids the use of carbonyl fluoride (COF 2 ).

This application claims priority to European application No. EP 18 169 194.0, the whole content of this application being incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the preparation of perfluorinated or partially fluorinated peroxides which avoids the use of carbonyl fluoride (COF₂).

BACKGROUND ART

Fluorinated peroxides are known. For example CF₃—O—O—CF₃ has been described in WO 2014/096414 as alternative to SF₆ and N₂ as dielectric insulating gas and its production has been described in US-A-2007/0049774. The European patent applications EP 3 078 657 and EP 3 309 147 both disclose certain fluorinated peroxide compounds and processes for their preparation. For instance, these documents disclose the reaction between the appropriate carbonyl fluoride and molecular fluorine, the reaction between the appropriate carbonyl fluoride, COF₂ and molecular fluorine, and the reaction between the appropriate carbonyl fluoride, oxyfluoride and molecular fluorine. However, the method of production described therein uses carbonyl fluoride (COF₂ and/or other appropriate carbonyl fluorides) as a reagent. Carbonyl fluoride is described to be extremely poisonous with a threshold limit value of 2 ppm for short-term exposure, it reacts violently with water and it is expensive. Besides, U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,073 discloses a method for synthesizing bis(perfluoro-t-butyl)peroxide through the photolysis of perfluoro-t-butyl hypofluorite in the presence of tetrafluorohydrazine N₂F₄. Tetrafluorohydrazine is a fluorine atom scavenger, which is difficult to prepare, highly hazardous and known to explode in the presence of organic material.

Thus, there is still a need for improved methods of production of perfluorinated and partially fluorinated peroxides.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide improved processes for the preparation of perfluorinated or partially fluorinated peroxides. This object and other objects are achieved by this invention. The processes of the present invention are advantageous in terms of improved yield, improved purity, improved selectivity, improved safety profile, improved cost of goods and/or improved energy consumption.

Accordingly a first aspect of the present invention concerns a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group comprising a step reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF or a mixture of R¹R²R³COF and R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl in the absence of COF₂.

The term “in the absence of” should be understood that no COF₂ is added to the reaction mixture in order for the reaction to proceed. It should however not exclude traces of COF₂ being present, e.g. as impurity from an earlier reaction or as a side product formed in the inventive process.

According to one embodiment, the process according to the invention is carried out in the absence of COF₂ and F₂.

According to another embodiment, the process according to the invention is carried out in the absence of any carbonyl fluoride, in particular in the absence any carbonyl fluorides of formula R′R″R′″CC(O)F, wherein R′, R″ and R′″ are selected independently from F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group. According to another embodiment, the process according to the invention is carried out in the absence of any highly hazardous compound, in particular in the absence of chlorine trifluoride ClF₃.

According to another embodiment, the process according to the invention is carried out in the absence of any fluorine atom scavenger, in particular in the absence of tetrafluorohydrazine N₂F₄.

The compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ can be a symmetric peroxide, i.e. the groups R¹R²R³C and CR⁴R⁵R⁶ are identical. In that case, the hypofluorite and/or hypochlorite used for the inventive process are the same, i.e. only one type of hypofluorite and/or hypochlorite is used in the reaction. The process to prepare such symmetrical peroxides is preferred.

The compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ can also be unsymmetrical, i.e. the groups R¹R²R³C and CR⁴R⁵R⁶ are different. In that case, a mixture of two different hypofluorites and/or hypochlorites is used for the inventive process.

Preferably, R¹ to R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of F, CF₃, C₂F₅ and C₃F₈. Specifically the compound to be prepared is chosen from the group consisting of (CF₃)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (CF₃)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₂(CF₃), (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₂(CF₃), (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃P₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃P₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(C₂F₅)(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₃ and CF(CF₃)₂—O—O—CF(CF₃)₂, CF₃CF₂—O—O—CF₃CF₂, CF₃—O—O—CF₃CF₂, CF₃—O—O—CF₃.

Also preferably, the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl are reacted with an inorganic fluoride or an inorganic chloride, more preferably with an inorganic fluoride selected from the group consisting of AgF, AgF₂, CuF, CuF₂, BaF₂, CsF, NiF₂, more preferably with a mixture of AgF and AgF₂.

According to a preferred embodiment, the mixture of AgF and AgF₂ is prepared by treating silver wool with elemental fluorine. The step of preparing the mixture of AgF/AgF₂ may preferably be conducted in a stainless steel container. According to a preferred embodiment, gaseous fluorine may be added to the silver wool in small portions up, while the pressure is preferably monitored to a value of about 2 bar. Addition of fluorine may be stopped when the consumption rate of fluorine had dropped to a few mbar per hour. This procedure may be started at ambient temperature, and the temperature may be increased up to 150° C. The preparation of the silver fluoride catalyst may take several days. We may assume that the preparation step is completed when approximately 95 mol-% of the fluorine was consumed.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the inventors believe that the silver fluoride material obtained by the process as disclosed above successfully convert the hypofluoride compounds into the corresponding peroxide according to the present invention, in the absence of COF₂, whereas commercially silver fluoride is less effective.

According to one preferred embodiment, one object of the present invention consists in a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶, consisting in a first step consisting in preparing a mixture of AgF/AgF₂ by treating silver wool with elemental fluorine, and then a second step consisting in reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF or a mixture of R¹R²R³COF and R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl with said mixture of AgF/AgF₂ in the absence of COF₂ (R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ having the meanings disclosed hereinabove).

The inorganic fluoride used in this preferred embodiment is more preferably used in at least stoichiometric amounts, i.e. it is not present only in catalytic amounts. Unlike a catalyst, the inorganic fluoride or chloride is undergoing a permanent chemical change in the reaction and preferably, is recovered and regenerated in a separate step. Preferably, the molar ratio of inorganic fluoride to hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl is higher than 0.5, more preferably, higher than 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9, most preferably higher than 1.0. Advantageously, it can also be used in excess with a molar ratio of higher than 1.5 and even 2.5.

Also preferably, the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl is reacted in a photochemical reaction, more preferably, the photochemical reaction is performed under irradiation with UV light of 200-400 nm wavelengths, most preferably between 200-300 nm.

The term “photochemical reaction” shall denote a chemical reaction caused by absorption of light, preferably UV light.

One other object of the present invention is a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are independently chosen from the group consisting of F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group comprising a step reacting a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl in a photochemical reaction.

The hypochlorites R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl can be commercially obtained or, preferably, they may be prepared in a reaction of an alcohol R¹R²R³COH and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COH or ketones R¹R²C(O) and/or R³R⁴C(O), wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from the group consisting of F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group, with an inorganic fluoride selected from the group consisting of AgF, AgF₂, CuF, CuF₂, BaF₂, CsF, NiF₂, preferably with CsF, and subsequently in a reaction in the presence of chlorine monofluoride (ClF). Thus, the alcohol R¹R²R³COH and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COH or ketones R¹R²C(O) and/or R³R⁴C(O) are/is reacted in a first step with the inorganic fluoride, preferably with CsF, to form the corresponding R¹R²R³COCs and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCs, which is subsequently reacted with ClF to form the corresponding hypochlorites.

In another aspect, the invention concerns a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from the group consisting of F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group comprising a step reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF with AgF, AgF₂, or a mixture of AgF and AgF₂. Preferably, the AgF, AgF₂, or the mixture of AgF and AgF₂ is used in a molar ratio of higher than 1.0 compared to the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF.

In the context of the present invention, the term “comprising” is intended to include the meaning of “consisting of”. In the present disclosure, designations in singular are intended to include the plural. The expression “comprised between . . . and . . . ” should be understood as including the limits.

In the present disclosure “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon, having preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Preferred examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.

The term “perfluorinated alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon, having preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms wherein all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine. Preferred examples are CF₃, CF₃CF₂, CF₃CF₂CF₂, (CF₃)₂CF, CF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂, CF₃CF₂(CF₃)CF₂, (CF₃)₃C.

The term “partially fluorinated alkyl refers to a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon, having preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms wherein at least one hydrogen atoms has been replaced by fluorine. Preferred examples are CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃CH₂, CF₃CHF, CF₃CH₂CH₂, CF₃CF₂CH₂, (CF₃)₂CH.

The compounds prepared according to the present invention can be used as electrolyte component in an electrochemical device, and more particularly in electronic displays or in energy storing and releasing devices. The compounds may be used as electrolyte component in one of the following electrochemical devices:

-   -   Electrochromic device: car or house windows, visors, eyeglasses,     -   Electrochromic flat screens: televisions, tablets, smartphones,         connected devices,     -   Secondary lithium batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries,         lithium-air batteries, sodium batteries,     -   High voltage batteries,     -   Supercapacitors, in particular double-layer supercapacitors         using an electrolyte,     -   Energy generator, such as solar panels or organic type (OPV).

Preferably the electrochemical device may be a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-sulfur battery or a supercapacitor.

The compounds prepared according to the present invention may also be used as replacement for SF₆ as dielectric insulation gas.

Should the disclosure of any patents, patent applications and publications, which are incorporated herein by reference, conflicts with the description of the present invention to the extent that it may render a term unclear, the present description shall take precedence.

The invention will now be further described in examples, which are given by way of illustration and which are no intended to limit the specification or the claims in any manner.

EXAMPLE Example 1 Preparation of the Silver Fluoride (AgF/AgF2) Catalyst

Silver wool (˜20 g) was treated with elemental fluorine in a stainless steel container. The gaseous fluorine was added in small portions up to a pressure of 2 bar via a stainless steel gas-distribution line and a gas inlet-valve of the stainless steel container to the silver wool, while the pressure in the stainless steel line was monitored. This procedure was continued while the temperature of the reaction vessel was increased from ambient temperatures at the beginning up to 150° C. depending on the consumption rate of the fluorine gas. Addition of fluorine was stopped when the consumption rate of fluorine had dropped to a few mbar per hour. The preparation of the silver fluoride catalyst took several days until approximately 95 mol-% of the fluorine was consumed. Excess fluorine was removed by a fluorine resistant pumping system through a tube filled with soda-lime.

Example 2 Preparation of Perfluoro Tert-Butyl Hypofluorite ((CF₃)₃C—OF)

Perfluoro tert-butanol (4.2 g, 17.8 mmol) was condensed in a stainless steel vessel equipped with carefully dried CsF (200 g) and allowed to reach room temperature. The mixture was well shaken before the vessel was connected to a steel line. At −78° C. elemental fluorine was added in small portions until the pressure reached 300 mbar and no fluorine was further consumed. After another 20 min at −78° C. excess fluorine was removed while the vessel was held at −196° C.

Example 3 Preparation of (CF₃)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃ with Silver Fluoride

The reaction mixture from example 2 was distilled into the second steel vessel containing the freshly prepared silver fluoride catalyst (22 g) according to example 1. After 5 days at −45° C. perfluoro bis(tert-butyl) peroxide was distilled out of the reaction vessel and trapped in a cooling trap held at −78° C. (2.6 g, 5.5 mmol, 62%).

Example 4 Preparation of perfluoro tert-butyl hypochlorite ((CF₃)₃C—OCl)

Perfluoro tert-butanol (2.36 g, 10 mmol) was condensed in a stainless steel vessel equipped with carefully dried CsF (200 g) and allowed to reach room temperature. The mixture was well shaken before the vessel was connected to a stainless steel line. The vessel was cooled with liquid nitrogen and gaseous ClF (13 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to 0° C. After 12 hours, while the mixture was frequently shaken, the mixture was cooled to −78° C. and the excess of ClF was removed by a fluorine resistant pumping system through a tube filled with soda-lime. Yield.: 9.2 mmol, 92% hypochlorite

Example 5 Preparation of (CF₃)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃ Under UV Irradiation

The hypochlorite (1 mmol) of example 4 was distilled into a quartz flask (1 L) and irradiated using a Xenon high pressure lamp at 78° C. for 30 min. Trap-to-trap distillation of the reaction mixture yielded perfluoro bis(tert-butyl) peroxide (0.3 mmol, 57%) in a −78° C. trap and the volatile by-products Cl₂, (CF₃)₂CO and CF₃Cl were collected in a trap cooled at −196° C. 

1. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from F or a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group, the process comprising a step of reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF or a mixture of R¹R²R³COF and R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl in the absence of COF₂.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein R¹ to R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of F, CF₃, C₂F₅ and C₃F₈.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl are reacted with an inorganic fluoride selected from the group consisting of AgF, AgF₂, CuF, CuF₂, BaF₂, CsF, and NiF₂.
 4. The process of claim 17, wherein the mixture of AgF and AgF₂ is obtained by treating silver wool with elemental fluorine.
 5. The process of claim 17, wherein the process comprises a first step consisting in preparing a mixture of AgF/AgF₂ by treating silver wool with elemental fluorine, and then a second step consisting in reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF or a mixture of R¹R²R³COF and R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl with said mixture of AgF/AgF₂ in the absence of COF₂.
 6. The process of claim 3 wherein the molar ratio of inorganic fluoride to hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl is higher than 0.9.
 7. The process of claim 3 comprising a step of reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF with AgF, AgF₂, or a mixture of AgF and AgF₂.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein AgF, AgF₂, or the mixture of AgF and AgF₂ is used in a molar ratio of higher than 1.0 compared to the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF and/or the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl are reacted in a photochemical reaction in the absence of any fluorine atom scavenger.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the photochemical reaction is performed under irradiation with UV light of 200-400 nm wavelengths.
 11. The process of claim 1 comprising wherein the process comprises a step of reacting a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl in a photochemical reaction.
 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the photochemical reaction is performed under irradiation with UV light at a wavelength from 200 to 400 nm.
 13. The process of claim 1 further comprising a step wherein the hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl is prepared in a reaction of an alcohol R¹R²R³COH and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COH or ketones R¹R²C(O) and/or R³R⁴C(O), wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from the group consisting of F and a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group, with an inorganic fluoride selected from the group consisting of AgF, AgF₂, CuF, CuF₂, BaF₂, CsF, and NiF₂, and subsequently in a reaction in the presence of ClF.
 14. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are independently chosen from the group consisting of F and a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group, the process comprising a step of reacting a hypochlorite R¹R²R³COCl or a mixture of R¹R²R³COCl and R⁴R⁵R⁶COCl in a photochemical reaction.
 15. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ wherein R¹ to R⁶ are chosen independently from the group consisting of F and a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group, the process comprising a step reacting a hypofluorite R¹R²R³COF and/or R⁴R⁵R⁶COF with AgF, AgF₂, or a mixture of AgF and AgF₂.
 16. The process of claim 2, wherein the compound of formula R¹R²R³C—O—O—CR⁴R⁵R⁶ is chosen from the group consisting of (CF₃)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—CF₃, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (CF₃)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)(CF₃)₂, (C₂F₅)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₂(CF₃), (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₂(CF₃), (C₂F₅)₃C—O—O—C(C₂F₅)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)₃C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—CF₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(CF₃)₃, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)₂, (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)(C₂F₅)(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₂(CF₃), (i-C₃F₇)(CF₃)(C₂F₅)C—O—O—C(i-C₃F₇)₃ and CF(CF₃)₂—O—O—CF(CF₃)₂, CF₃CF₂—O—O—CF₃CF₂, CF₃—O—O—CF₃CF₂, CF₃—O—O—CF₃.
 17. The process of claim 3, wherein the inorganic fluoride is a mixture of AgF and AgF₂.
 18. The process of claim 4, wherein gaseous fluorine is added to the silver wool in small portions up, optionally while the pressure is monitored to a value of about 2 bar.
 19. The process of claim 12 wherein the wavelength is from 200 to 300 nm.
 20. The process of claim 13, wherein the inorganic fluoride selected from the group consisting of AgF, AgF₂, CuF, CuF₂, BaF₂, CsF, and NiF₂ is CsF. 